可能很简单。(Probably very simple. Ruby on rails error when using web interface)

 我正在关注我学校的ruby on rails教程。 我非常仔细地遵循了说明，但我遇到了一个错误。 当我执行localhost：3000 / books时，我的Web界面工作正常（这导致我看到我的书库数据库，我使用Firefox SQL管理器添加）。 但是，当我点击“New Book”通过Web界面创建一个新条目时，我得到：BooksController中的SyntaxError #new 
 
 （注意：当我执行localhost：3000 / publisher / new时，它工作正常。当我执行localhost：3000 / authors / new时，它不起作用。我希望当我修复时， Author的问题将得到解决Book的问题。以下所有信息都与我项目中的书籍有关。） 
 
c:/Sites/Summer_2014/BookManager/app/models/author.rb:4: syntax error, unexpected ':', expecting keyword_end validates_presence_of : :first_name, :last_name ^
 
 这是应用程序跟踪： 
 
app/views/books/_authors_checkboxes.html.erb:2:in `_app_views_books__authors_checkboxes_html_erb__770955296_43280532'
app/views/books/_form.html.erb:26:in `block in _app_views_books__form_html_erb___935905997_43301772'
app/views/books/_form.html.erb:1:in `_app_views_books__form_html_erb___935905997_43301772'
app/views/books/new.html.erb:3:in `_app_views_books_new_html_erb___378444391_43261320'
 
 以下是我认为相关的代码部分： 
 
 应用程序/视图/书籍/ _authors_checkboxes.html.erb： 
 
<p>
    <% for author in Author.alphabetical %>
        <%= check_box_tag "book[author_ids][]", author.id, @book.authors.include?(author) %>
        <%= author.name %>
        <br />
    <% end %>
</p>
 
 应用程序/视图/书籍/ _form.html.erb： 
 
<%= form_for(@book) do |f| %>
  <% if @book.errors.any? %>
    <div id="error_explanation">
      <h2><%= pluralize(@book.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited this book from being saved:</h2>

      <ul>
      <% @book.errors.full_messages.each do |message| %>
        <li><%= message %></li>
      <% end %>
      </ul>
    </div>
  <% end %>

  <div class="field">
    <%= f.label :title %><br>
    <%= f.text_field :title %>
  </div>
  <div class="field">
    <%= f.label :year_published %><br>
    <%= f.number_field :year_published %>
  </div>
  <div class="field">
    <%= f.label :publisher_id %><br>
    <%= f.collection_select :publisher_id, Publisher.alphabetical, :id, :name, :prompt => 'Please select a publisher'  %>
  </div>
  <%= render partial: 'authors_checkboxes' %>
  <div class="actions">
    <%= f.submit %>
  </div>
<% end %>
 
 应用程序/视图/书籍/ new.html.erb： 
 
<h1>New book</h1>

<%= render 'form' %>

<%= link_to 'Back', books_path %>
 
 编辑：这是我的apps / models / author.rb： 
 
class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
    has_many :book_authors
    has_many :books, through: :book_authors
    validates_presence_of : :first_name, :last_name
    scope :alphabetical, -> {order('last_name, first_name')}

    def name
        "#{last_name}, #{first_name}"
    end
end

I am following my school's ruby on rails tutorial. I have followed the instructions very closely, but I have come across an error. My web interface works fine when I do localhost:3000/books (this results in me seeing my database of my book entries, which I added using the Firefox SQL manager). However, when I click "New Book" to make a new entry through the web interface, I get: SyntaxError in BooksController#new
 
(NOTE: when I do localhost:3000/publisher/new, it works fine. When I do localhost:3000/authors/new, it doesn't work. I'm hoping the issue with the Author will be resolved when I fix the issue with the Book. All of the following information is about the books part of my project.)
 
c:/Sites/Summer_2014/BookManager/app/models/author.rb:4: syntax error, unexpected ':', expecting keyword_end validates_presence_of : :first_name, :last_name ^
 
This is the app trace:
 
app/views/books/_authors_checkboxes.html.erb:2:in `_app_views_books__authors_checkboxes_html_erb__770955296_43280532'
app/views/books/_form.html.erb:26:in `block in _app_views_books__form_html_erb___935905997_43301772'
app/views/books/_form.html.erb:1:in `_app_views_books__form_html_erb___935905997_43301772'
app/views/books/new.html.erb:3:in `_app_views_books_new_html_erb___378444391_43261320'
 
Here are the parts of code that I think are relevant:
 
app/view/books/_authors_checkboxes.html.erb:
 
<p>
    <% for author in Author.alphabetical %>
        <%= check_box_tag "book[author_ids][]", author.id, @book.authors.include?(author) %>
        <%= author.name %>
        <br />
    <% end %>
</p>
 
app/views/books/_form.html.erb:
 
<%= form_for(@book) do |f| %>
  <% if @book.errors.any? %>
    <div id="error_explanation">
      <h2><%= pluralize(@book.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited this book from being saved:</h2>

      <ul>
      <% @book.errors.full_messages.each do |message| %>
        <li><%= message %></li>
      <% end %>
      </ul>
    </div>
  <% end %>

  <div class="field">
    <%= f.label :title %><br>
    <%= f.text_field :title %>
  </div>
  <div class="field">
    <%= f.label :year_published %><br>
    <%= f.number_field :year_published %>
  </div>
  <div class="field">
    <%= f.label :publisher_id %><br>
    <%= f.collection_select :publisher_id, Publisher.alphabetical, :id, :name, :prompt => 'Please select a publisher'  %>
  </div>
  <%= render partial: 'authors_checkboxes' %>
  <div class="actions">
    <%= f.submit %>
  </div>
<% end %>
 
app/views/books/new.html.erb:
 
<h1>New book</h1>

<%= render 'form' %>

<%= link_to 'Back', books_path %>
 
EDIT: Here is my apps/models/author.rb:
 
class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
    has_many :book_authors
    has_many :books, through: :book_authors
    validates_presence_of : :first_name, :last_name
    scope :alphabetical, -> {order('last_name, first_name')}

    def name
        "#{last_name}, #{first_name}"
    end
end

原文：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/24194840